Tung Nguyen, Daron Anderson, Imad Ali Shah, Mikhail Doroshenko, Alun Cennyth Stokes, Mobeen Mahmood, Jaeho Lee, Oleksandr Pokutnyi, Oleg Iskra, Jessica P. Wang, Robert Gerbicz, John-Clark Levin, Serguei Popov, Fiona Feng, Steven Y. Feng, Haoran Zhao, Michael Yu, Varun Gangal, Chelsea Zou, Zihan Wang, Mstyslav Kazakov, Geoff Galgon, Johannes Schmitt, Alvaro Sanchez, Yongki Lee, Will Yeadon, Scott Sauers, Marc Roth, Chidozie Agu, Søren Riis, Fabian Giska, Saiteja Utpala, Antrell Cheatom, Zachary Giboney, Gashaw M. Goshu, Sarah-Jane Crowson, Mohinder Maheshbhai Naiya, Noah Burns, Lennart Finke, Zerui Cheng, Hyunwoo Park, Francesco Fournier-Facio, Jennifer Zampese, John Wydallis, John B. Wydallis, Ryan G. Hoerr, Mark Nandor, Tim Gehrunger, Jiaqi Cai, Ben McCarty, Jungbae Nam, Edwin Taylor, Jun Jin, Gautier Abou Loume, Hangrui Cao, Alexis C Garretson, Damien Sileo, Qiuyu Ren, Doru Cojoc, Pavel Arkhipov, Usman Qazi, Aras Bacho, Lianghui Li, Sumeet Motwani, Christian Schroeder de Witt, Alexei Kopylov, Johannes Veith, Eric Singer, Paolo Rissone, Jaehyeok Jin, Jack Wei Lun Shi, Chris G. Willcocks, Ameya Prabhu, Longke Tang, Kevin Zhou, Emily de Oliveira Santos, Andrey Pupasov Maksimov, Edward Vendrow, Kengo Zenitani, Joshua Robinson, Aleksandar Mikov, Julien Guillod, Yuqi Li, Ben Pageler, Joshua Vendrow, Vladyslav Kuchkin, Pierre Marion, Denis Efremov, Jayson Lynch, Kaiqu Liang, Andrew Gritsevskiy, Dakotah Martinez, Nick Crispino, Dimitri Zvonkine, Natanael Wildner Fraga, Saeed Soori, Ori Press, Henry Tang, Julian Salazar, Sean R. Green, Lina Brüssel, Moon Twayana, Aymeric Dieuleveut, T. Ryan Rogers, Wenjin Zhang, Ross Finocchio, Bikun Li, Jinzhou Yang, Arun Rao, Gabriel Loiseau, Mikhail Kalinin, Marco Lukas, Ciprian Manolescu, Nate Stambaugh, Subrata Mishra, Ariel Ghislain Kemogne Kamdoum, Tad Hogg, Alvin Jin, Carlo Bosio, Gongbo Sun, Brian P Coppola, Haline Heidinger, Rafael Sayous, Stefan Ivanov, Joseph M Cavanagh, Jiawei Shen, Joseph Marvin Imperial, Philippe Schwaller, Shaipranesh Senthilkuma, Andres M Bran, Andres Algaba, Brecht Verbeken, Kelsey Van den Houte, Lynn Van Der Sypt, David Noever, Lisa Schut, Ilia Sucholutsky, Evgenii Zheltonozhskii, Qiaochu Yuan, Derek Lim, Richard Stanley, Shankar Sivarajan, Tong Yang, John Maar, Julian Wykowski, Martí Oller, Jennifer Sandlin, Anmol Sahu, Cesare Giulio Ardito, Yuzheng Hu, Felipe Meneguitti Dias, Tobias Kreiman, Kaivalya Rawal, Tobias Garcia Vilchis, Yuexuan Zu, Martin Lackner, James Koppel, Jeremy Nguyen, Daniil S. Antonenko, Steffi Chern, Bingchen Zhao, Pierrot Arsene, Sergey Ivanov, Rafał Poświata, Chenguang Wang, Daofeng Li, Donato Crisostomi, Ali Dehghan, Andrea Achilleos, John Arnold Ambay, Benjamin Myklebust, Archan Sen, David Perrella, Nurdin Kaparov, Mark H Inlow, Allen Zang, Kalyan Ramakrishnan, Daniil Orel, Vladislav Poritski, Shalev Ben-David, Zachary Berger, Parker Whitfill, Michael Foster, Daniel Munro, Linh Ho, Dan Bar Hava, Aleksey Kuchkin, Robert Lauff, David Holmes, Frank Sommerhage, Anji Zhang, Richard Moat, Keith Schneider, Daniel Pyda, Zakayo Kazibwe, Mukhwinder Singh, Don Clarke, Dae Hyun Kim, Sara Fish, Veit Elser, Victor Efren Guadarrama Vilchis, Immo Klose, Christoph Demian, Ujjwala Anantheswaran, Adam Zweiger, Guglielmo Albani, Jeffery Li, Nicolas Daans, Maksim Radionov, Václav Rozhoň, Vincent Ginis, Ziqiao Ma, Christian Stump, Jacob Platnick, Volodymyr Nevirkovets, Luke Basler, Marco Piccardo, Niv Cohen, Virendra Singh, Josef Tkadlec, Paul Rosu, Alan Goldfarb, Piotr Padlewski, Stanislaw Barzowski, Kyle Montgomery, Aline Menezes, Arkil Patel, Zixuan Wang, Jamie Tucker-Foltz, Jack Stade, Declan Grabb, Tom Goertzen, Fereshteh Kazemi, Jeremiah Milbauer, Abhishek Shukla, Hossam Elgnainy, Yan Carlos Leyva Labrador, Hao He, Ling Zhang, Alan Givré, Hew Wolff, Gözdenur Demir, Muhammad Fayez Aziz, Younesse Kaddar, Ivar Ängquist, Yanxu Chen, Elliott Thornley, Robin Zhang, Jiayi Pan, Antonio Terpin, Niklas Muennighoff, Hailey Schoelkopf, Eric Zheng, Avishy Carmi, Jainam Shah, Ethan D. L. Brown, Kelin Zhu, Max Bartolo, Richard Wheeler, Andrew Ho, Shaul Barkan, Jiaqi Wang, Martin Stehberger, Egor Kretov, Peter Bradshaw, JP Heimonen, Kaustubh Sridhar, Zaki Hossain, Ido Akov, Yury Makarychev, Joanna Tam, Hieu Hoang, David M. Cunningham, Vladimir Goryachev, Demosthenes Patramanis, Michael Krause, Andrew Redenti, David Aldous, Jesyin Lai, Shannon Coleman, Jiangnan Xu, Sangwon Lee, Ilias Magoulas, Sandy Zhao, Ning Tang, Michael K. Cohen, Micah Carroll, Orr Paradise, Jan Hendrik Kirchner, Stefan Steinerberger, Maksym Ovchynnikov, Jason O. Matos, Adithya Shenoy, Michael Wang, Yuzhou Nie, Paolo Giordano, Philipp Petersen, Anna Sztyber-Betley, Paolo Faraboschi, Robin Riblet, Jonathan Crozier, Shiv Halasyamani, Antonella Pinto, Shreyas Verma, Prashant Joshi, Eli Meril, Zheng-Xin Yong, Allison Tee, Jérémy Andréoletti, Orion Weller, Raghav Singhal, Gang Zhang, Alexander Ivanov, Seri Khoury, Nils Gustafsson, Hamid Mostaghimi, Kunvar Thaman, Qijia Chen, Trần Quốc Khánh, Jacob Loader, Stefano Cavalleri, Hannah Szlyk, Zachary Brown, Himanshu Narayan, Jonathan Roberts, William Alley, Kunyang Sun, Ryan Stendall, Max Lamparth, Anka Reuel, Ting Wang, Hanmeng Xu, Pablo Hernández-Cámara, Freddie Martin, Thomas Preu, Tomek Korbak, Marcus Abramovitch, Dominic Williamson, Ida Bosio, Ziye Chen, Biró Bálint, Eve J. Y. Lo, Maria Inês S. Nunes, Yibo Jiang, M Saiful Bari, Peyman Kassani, Zihao Wang, Behzad Ansarinejad, Yewen Sun, Stephane Durand, Guillaume Douville, Daniel Tordera, George Balabanian, Earth Anderson, Lynna Kvistad, Alejandro José Moyano, Hsiaoyun Milliron, Ahmad Sakor, Murat Eron, Isaac C. McAlister, Andrew Favre D.O., Shailesh Shah, Xiaoxiang Zhou, Firuz Kamalov, Ronald Clark, Sherwin Abdoli, Tim Santens, Harrison K Wang, Evan Chen, Alessandro Tomasiello, G. Bruno De Luca, Shi-Zhuo Looi, Vinh-Kha Le, Noam Kolt, Niels Mündler, Avi Semler, Emma Rodman, Jacob Drori, Carl J Fossum, Luk Gloor, Milind Jagota, Ronak Pradeep, Honglu Fan, Tej Shah, Jonathan Eicher, Michael Chen, Kushal Thaman, William Merrill, Moritz Firsching, Carter Harris, Ștefan Ciobâcă, Jason Gross, Rohan Pandey, Ilya Gusev, Adam Jones, Shashank Agnihotri, Pavel Zhelnov, Siranut Usawasutsakorn, Mohammadreza Mofayezi, Alexander Piperski, Marc Carauleanu, David K. Zhang, Kostiantyn Dobarskyi, Dylan Ler, Roman Leventov, Ignat Soroko, Thorben Jansen, Scott Creighton, Pascal Lauer, Joshua Duersch, Vage Taamazyan, Dario Bezzi, Wiktor Morak, Wenjie Ma, William Held, Tran Đuc Huy, Ruicheng Xian, Armel Randy Zebaze, Mohanad Mohamed, Julian Noah Leser, Michelle X Yuan, Laila Yacar, Johannes Lengler, Katarzyna Olszewska, Hossein Shahrtash, Edson Oliveira, Joseph W. Jackson, Daniel Espinosa Gonzalez, Andy Zou, Muthu Chidambaram, Timothy Manik, Hector Haffenden, Dashiell Stander, Ali Dasouqi, Alexander Shen, Emilien Duc, Bita Golshani, David Stap, Mikalai Uzhou, Alina Borisovna Zhidkovskaya, Lukas Lewark, Miguel Orbegozo Rodriguez, Mátyás Vincze, Dustin Wehr, Colin Tang, Shaun Phillips, Fortuna Samuele, Jiang Muzhen, Fredrik Ekström, Angela Hammon, Oam Patel, Faraz Farhidi, George Medley, Forough Mohammadzadeh, Madellene Peñaflor, Haile Kassahun, Alena Friedrich, Claire Sparrow, Rayner Hernandez Perez, Taom Sakal, Omkar Dhamane, Ali Khajegili Mirabadi, Eric Hallman, Kenchi Okutsu, Mike Battaglia, Mohammad Maghsoudimehrabani, Alon Amit, Dave Hulbert, Roberto Pereira, Simon Weber, Handoko, Anton Peristyy, Stephen Malina, Samuel Albanie, Will Cai, Mustafa Mehkary, Rami Aly, Frank Reidegeld, Anna-Katharina Dick, Cary Friday, Jasdeep Sidhu, Hassan Shapourian, Wanyoung Kim, Mariana Costa, Hubeyb Gurdogan, Brian Weber, Harsh Kumar, Tong Jiang, Arunim Agarwal, Chiara Ceconello, Warren S. Vaz, Chao Zhuang, Haon Park, Andrew R. Tawfeek, Daattavya Aggarwal, Michael Kirchhof, Linjie Dai, Evan Kim, Johan Ferret, Yuzhou Wang, Minghao Yan, Krzysztof Burdzy, Lixin Zhang, Antonio Franca, Diana T. Pham, Kang Yong Loh, Joshua Robinson, Abram Jackson, Shreen Gul, Gunjan Chhablani, Zhehang Du, Adrian Cosma, Jesus Colino, Colin White, Jacob Votava, Vladimir Vinnikov, Ethan Delaney, Petr Spelda, Vit Stritecky, Syed M. Shahid, Jean-Christophe Mourrat, Lavr Vetoshkin, Koen Sponselee, Renas Bacho, Florencia de la Rosa, Xiuyu Li, Guillaume Malod, Leon Lang, Julien Laurendeau, Dmitry Kazakov, Fatimah Adesanya, Julien Portier, Lawrence Hollom, Victor Souza, Yuchen Anna Zhou, Julien Degorre, Yiğit Yalın, Gbenga Daniel Obikoya, Luca Arnaboldi, Rai (Michael Pokorny), Filippo Bigi, M.C. Boscá, Oleg Shumar, Kaniuar Bacho, Pierre Clavier, Gabriel Recchia, Mara Popescu, Nikita Shulga, Ngefor Mildred Tanwie, Denis Peskoff, Thomas C.H. Lux, Ben Rank, Colin Ni, Matthew Brooks, Alesia Yakimchyk, Huanxu (Quinn) Liu, Olle Häggström, Emil Verkama, Hans Gundlach, Leonor Brito-Santana, Brian Amaro, Vivek Vajipey, Rynaa Grover, Yiyang Fan, Gabriel Poesia Reis e Silva, Linwei Xin, Yosi Kratish, Jakub Łucki, Wen-Ding Li, Sivakanth Gopi, Andrea Caciolai, Justin Xu, Kevin Joseph Scaria, Freddie Vargus, Farzad Habibi, Long (Tony) Lian, Emanuele Rodolà, Jules Robins, Vincent Cheng, Tony Fruhauff, Brad Raynor, Hao Qi, Xi Jiang, Ben Segev, Jingxuan Fan, Sarah Martinson, Erik Y. Wang, Kaylie Hausknecht, Michael P. Brenner, Mao Mao, Xinyu Zhang, David Avagian, Eshawn Jessica Scipio, Alon Ragoler, Justin Tan, Blake Sims, Rebeka Plecnik, Aaron Kirtland, Omer Faruk Bodur, D.P. Shinde, Zahra Adoul, Mohamed Zekry, Ali Karakoc, Tania C. B. Santos, Samir Shamseldeen, Loukmane Karim, Anna Liakhovitskaia, Nate Resman, Nicholas Farina, Juan Carlos Gonzalez, Gabe Maayan, Sarah Hoback, Rodrigo De Oliveira Pena, Glen Sherman, Elizabeth Kelley, Hodjat Mariji, Rasoul Pouriamanesh, Wentao Wu, Sandra Mendoza, Ismail Alarab, Joshua Cole, Danyelle Ferreira, Bryan Johnson, Mohammad Safdari, Liangti Dai, Siriphan Arthornthurasuk, Alexey Pronin, Jing Fan, Angel Ramirez-Trinidad, Ashley Cartwright, Daphiny Pottmaier, Omid Taheri, David Outevsky, Stanley Stepanic, Samuel Perry, Luke Askew, Raúl Adrián Huerta Rodríguez, Ali M. R. Minissi, Sam Ali, Ricardo Lorena, Krishnamurthy Iyer, Arshad Anil Fasiludeen, Sk Md Salauddin, Murat Islam, Juan Gonzalez, Josh Ducey, Maja Somrak, Vasilios Mavroudis, Eric Vergo, Juehang Qin, Benjámin Borbás, Eric Chu, Jack Lindsey, Anil Radhakrishnan, Antoine Jallon, I.M.J. McInnis, Pawan Kumar, Laxman Prasad Goswami, Daniel Bugas, Nasser Heydari, Ferenc Jeanplong, Archimedes Apronti, Abdallah Galal, Ng Ze-An, Ankit Singh, Joan of Arc Xavier, Kanu Priya Agarwal, Mohammed Berkani, Benedito Alves de Oliveira Junior, Dmitry Malishev, Nicolas Remy, Taylor D. Hartman, Tim Tarver, Stephen Mensah, Javier Gimenez, Roselynn Grace Montecillo, Russell Campbell, Asankhaya Sharma, Khalida Meer, Xavier Alapont, Deepakkumar Patil, Rajat Maheshwari, Abdelkader Dendane, Priti Shukla, Sergei Bogdanov, Sören Möller, Muhammad Rehan Siddiqi, Prajvi Saxena, Himanshu Gupta, Innocent Enyekwe, Ragavendran P V, Zienab EL-Wasif, Aleksandr Maksapetyan, Vivien Rossbach, Chris Harjadi, Mohsen Bahaloohoreh, Song Bian, John Lai, Justine Leon Uro, Greg Bateman, Mohamed Sayed, Ahmed Menshawy, Darling Duclosel, Yashaswini Jain, Ashley Aaron, Murat Tiryakioglu, Sheeshram Siddh, Keith Krenek, Alex Hoover, Joseph McGowan, Tejal Patwardhan
Affiliations
Introduction
Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, designed to be the final closed-ended academic benchmark of its kind with broad subject coverage. The dataset consists of 2,700 challenging questions across over a hundred subjects. We publicly release these questions, while maintaining a private test set of held out questions to assess model overfitting.
Compared against the saturation of some existing benchmarks, Humanity's Last Exam accuracy remains low across several frontier models, demonstrating its effectiveness for measuring advanced, closed-ended, academic capabilities.
Dataset
Humanity's Last Exam (HLE) is a global collaborative effort, with questions from nearly 1,000 subject expert contributors affiliated with over 500 institutions across 50 countries – comprised mostly of professors, researchers, and graduate degree holders.
Examples 1-2/8
Classics
Question:
Here is a representation of a Roman inscription, originally found on a tombstone. Provide a translation for the Palmyrene script. A transliteration of the text is provided: RGYNᵓ BT ḤRY BR ᶜTᵓ ḤBL
Henry T
Merton College, Oxford
Ecology
Question:
Hummingbirds within Apodiformes uniquely have a bilaterally paired oval bone, a sesamoid embedded in the caudolateral portion of the expanded, cruciate aponeurosis of insertion of m. depressor caudae. How many paired tendons are supported by this sesamoid bone? Answer with a number.
Edward V
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Samples of the diverse and challenging questions submitted to Humanity's Last Exam.
Quantitative Results
Accuracy. All frontier models achieve low accuracy on Humanity's Last Exam, highlighting significant room for improvement in narrowing the gap between current LLMs and expert-level academic capabilities on closed-ended questions.
Calibration Error. Given low performance on Humanity's Last Exam, models should be calibrated, recognizing their uncertainty rather than confidently provide incorrect answers, indicative of confabulation/hallucination. To measure calibration, we prompt models to provide both an answer and their confidence from 0% to 100%.
Judge Model: o3-mini-2025-01-31 | Last Updated: 02/11/2025
Model
Accuracy (%) ↑
Calibration Error (%) ↓
GPT-4o
3.1
92.3
Grok-2
3.9
90.8
Claude 3.5 Sonnet
4.8
88.5
GPT-4.5 Preview
6.4
90.5
DeepSeek-R1*
8.6
81.4
o1
8.8
92.8
Claude 3.7 Sonnet (16K)
8.9
88.3
o3-mini (high)*
14.0
92.8
Gemini 2.5 Pro
18.8
88.5
*Model is not multi-modal, evaluated on text-only subset.
Discussion
Future Model Performance
While current LLMs achieve very low accuracy on Humanity's Last Exam, recent history shows benchmarks are quickly saturated -- with models dramatically progressing from near-zero to near-perfect performance in a short timeframe. Given the rapid pace of AI development, it is plausible that models could exceed 50% accuracy on HLE by the end of 2025. High accuracy on HLE would demonstrate expert-level performance on closed-ended, verifiable questions and cutting-edge scientific knowledge, but it would not alone suggest autonomous research capabilities or "artificial general intelligence." HLE tests structured academic problems rather than open-ended research or creative problem-solving abilities, making it a focused measure of technical knowledge and reasoning. HLE may be the last academic exam we need to give to models, but it is far from the last benchmark for AI.
Impact
By providing a clear measure of AI progress, Humanity's Last Exam creates a common reference point for scientists and policymakers to assess AI capabilities. This enables more informed discussions about development trajectories, potential risks, and necessary governance measures.
Dataset
GitHub
[03/11/2025]: Bug Bounty closed. Thank you all for participating, we're working on finalizing bounty decisions!
&
GPT-4o
Grok-2
Claude 3.5 Sonnet
DeepSeek-R1*
Gemini 2.5 Pro